The establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC) in 1885 marks a turning point. The early phase was dominated by "Moderates" like Dadabhai Naoroji and Gopal Krishna Gokhale, who believed in constitutional agitation, petitions, and dialogues with the British authorities. 3. The Extremist Phase and the Partition of Bengal
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The arrival of Mahatma Gandhi transformed the freedom struggle from an elite, urban political debate into a massive, pan-Indian peasant movement. G. Venkatesan covers this dynamic period through three major milestones:
On May 10, 1857, the pot boiled over. Indian soldiers (sepoys) in Meerut mutinied, sparking what the British called the "Sepoy Mutiny" and Indians remember as the . It was a violent, chaotic, and passionate uprising. Leaders like Rani Lakshmibai of Jhansi, Tantia Tope, and Nana Sahib led their forces with desperate bravery. However, lacking a unified command and modern weaponry, the rebellion was crushed by 1858. history of indian freedom struggle by g venkatesan pdf free
In 1909, the British introduced the Morley-Minto Reforms, which introduced separate electorates for Muslims—a "divide and rule" strategy that would have lasting consequences. However, the outbreak of World War I in 1914 changed the global landscape. Indian soldiers fought for the British in Europe, hoping that their loyalty would be rewarded with self-governance.
High land revenue demands, the destruction of traditional handicraft industries, and severe drain of wealth.
Covers tribal revolts and the Revolt of 1857 . The establishment of the Indian National Congress (INC)
You can find it and other titles by the author at VR1 Publications or Jayum Book Centre .
Venkatesan underscores how this phase successfully broadened the social base of the movement to include the urban middle class and students. 4. The Gandhian Era (1915–1947)
The rise of secret societies like the Anushilan Samiti and the Jugantar party, alongside the actions of revolutionaries who believed in armed overthrow. 4. The Gandhian Era (1915–1947) The Extremist Phase and the Partition of Bengal
Approximately 360–372 pages (depending on the edition)
He is known for works like "Suthanthira Indiya Varalaru" (Freedom Indian History), "Tamil Nadu Varalarrum Panpadum" (Tamil Nadu History and Culture), and "Indian Polity" (all in Tamil).
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